Politik von unten:Landstände, Bauern und unterbäuerliche Schicht im Ostfriesland der frühen Neuzeit (1594-1744)

In frühneuzeitlichen Territorien, so auch in Ostfriesland, wurde von allen Seiten Politik gemacht. Nicht nur der Landesherr mit seinen Beamten, sondern auch Landstände und verschiedene Gruppen in den ländlichen Siedlungen wie Bauern oder die unterbäuerliche Bevölkerung versuchten, mit ihrer Politik „von unten“ Einfluss auf Gemeinwesen zu nehmen. Frühneuzeitliche Politik kommt uns heute allerdings oft merkwürdig vor: Wie Politik gemacht wurde, unterscheidet sich stark von heutigen politischen Formen. Kommunale und rituelle Institutionen spielten dabei eine zentrale Rolle. Der Eigentümlichkeit und dem Zusammenspiel dieser Politiken im frühneuzeitlichen Ostfriesland zwischen 1594 und 1744 wird in dieser Dissertation mit Hilfe des Politikkonzeptes von Ernesto Laclau und Chantal Mouffe sowie des Kommunalismus-Konzepts Peter Blickles nachgegangen. <br/

E6 and E7 from Beta Hpv38 Cooperate with Ultraviolet Light in the Development of Actinic Keratosis-Like Lesions and Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Mice

Cutaneous beta human papillomavirus (HPV) types appear to be involved in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC); however, it is not entirely clear whether they play a direct role. We have previously shown that E6 and E7 oncoproteins from the beta HPV type 38 display transforming activities in several experimental models. To evaluate the possible contribution of HPV38 in a proliferative tissue compartment during carcinogenesis, we generated a new transgenic mouse model (Tg) where HPV38 E6 and E7 are expressed in the undifferentiated basal layer of epithelia under the control of the Keratin 14 (K14) promoter. Viral oncogene expression led to increased cellular proliferation in the epidermis of the Tg animals in comparison to the wild-type littermates. Although no spontaneous formation of tumours was observed during the lifespan of the K14 HPV38 E6/E7-Tg mice, they were highly susceptible to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) two-stage chemical carcinogenesis. In addition, when animals were exposed to ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation, we observed that accumulation of p21WAF1 and cell-cycle arrest were significantly alleviated in the skin of Tg mice as compared to wild-type controls. Most importantly, chronic UV irradiation of Tg mice induced the development of actinic keratosis-like lesions, which are considered in humans as precursors of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), and subsequently of SCC in a significant proportion of the animals. In contrast, wild-type animals subjected to identical treatments did not develop any type of skin lesions. Thus, the oncoproteins E6 and E7 from beta HPV38 significantly contribute to SCC development in the skin rendering keratinocytes more susceptible to UV-induced carcinogenesis

Shake up the schoolyard

Three different design research topics are presented in this article: how to design social and active play for teenagers, how to design for openended and emergent play, and how to evaluate interactive playful installations in situ. The Wiggle the Eye installation, five interactive wiggle benches and a central lamp, was iteratively developed and evaluated with more than 1000 users, at two high schools, one university and a design festival. The installation succeeded in inviting teenagers to play in a social way, yet the interaction design proved challenging: uncoordinated mass usage and a variety of external factors influenced the exploration and discovery process for the users. The presented insights serve as advice for everyone designing for teenagers, public spaces or playful interactions